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However, bespoke calibration of the MEMS sensing system using saturated solutions of known RH, reduces the measurement difference to an average of 1.97% RH, greatly increasing the accuracy for RH values close to 100%.
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Measurements differ, on average, by 2.87% RH, and are particularly far apart for values of RH greater than 98%. We then test the sensing system against a traditional RH sensor, using saturated bentonite with a range of RH values between 50% and 100%. We place the sensor within an oedometer cell and show that despite a rise in swelling pressure to 2 MPa, our relative humidity (RH) measurements are unaffected. Here, we test the robustness of a bespoke design MEMS sensor-based monitoring system, which we encapsulate in polyurethane resin. Temperatures are elevated, due to the presence of heat generating waste, relative humidity varies from 20% to 100%, and swelling pressures within the bentonite barrier can typically be 2-10 MPa.
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Geological disposal facilities for radioactive waste pose significant challenges for robust monitoring of environmental conditions within the engineered barriers that surround the waste canister. The initial technocratic approach was broadened to encompass ethical, social, and political aspects, and the main organizations now acknowledge that not only technical and scientific skills but also competence from social science and the humanities were of essence. The combination of KASAM’s activities to broaden the discussion and the local protests in many communities initiated a gradual change of the system culture within the SNWS. After careful investigations and many deliberations, one of them was eventually chosen. In the early 2000s, only two municipalities remained, both of them already housing nuclear power plants. Approval from the local population became a key condition. In the early 1990s, SKB, the Swedish implementer organization responsible for the management of nuclear waste, changed its strategy for finding suitable locations for a repository of spent nuclear fuel. KASAM engaged social scientists and humanists and started organizing annual workshops inviting engineers and scientists working with the waste issue to discuss its ethical and political dimensions. In order to counter this tendency, the government established an advisory board, Samrådsnämnden för kärnavfall (abbreviated KASAM), in 1985 with the task to widen the perspectives on the nuclear waste issue. This demonstrated the political and ethical dimensions of the waste issue and the limitations of the technocratic approach that had hitherto dominated the system culture of the SNWS. In the spring of 1980, fierce local protests were directed against drilling teams sent out to investigate the geology of potential locations for a repository of spent nuclear fuel. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how competence in the humanities and social sciences has been introduced into the system culture of the Swedish nuclear waste system (SNWS) traditionally dominated by scientists and engineers. Pour ce faire l’approche fiabiliste est déployée dans son ensemble comprenant : le développement d’un modèle mécanique du système, la modélisation des incertitudes en entrée, le choix d’un critère de défaillance, l’implémentation et l’exploitation d’une méthode de fiabilité, et une étude de fiabilité.
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Ils concernent plus particulièrement les infrastructures de stockage des déchets de haute activité, et visent à estimer l’évolution de la probabilité de défaillance du conteneur de stockage ainsi que sa sensibilité aux paramètres d’entrée. Les travaux présentés proposent une première application des méthodes de fiabilité pour répondre à ces problématiques. Afin de mener à bien ce projet, il est nécessaire de faire la preuve de sa fiabilité, et donc de prendre en compte ces incertitudes dans l’évaluation de la durée de vie des structures. Ces échelles de temps induisent des incertitudes sur leur évolution et leur durée de vie. Les infrastructures de stockage sont soumises à un processus de vieillissement sur plusieurs siècles. Le concept de ce projet (le stockage géologique profond) repose sur le confinement passif de la radioactivité par une couche argileuse ayant des propriétés adaptées. Le projet Cigéo vise à répondre à la problématique de la gestion à long terme des déchets radioactifs de haute activité et de moyenne activité à vie longue.